The Pit and the Pendulum Essay Essay Example

The Pit and the Pendulum Essay Paper There are some narratives. where the objects that are described or portrayed play a more of import portion of the narrative than what we believed. In The Pit and the Pendulum. a short narrative written by Edgar Allan Poe there is certain symbolism that adds intending to the narrative. The storyteller is stating the narrative from a keep in Toledo. Spain as a captive during the Spanish Inquisition. In the narrative. there are certain objects that have of import symbolism for the play. since they lead the storyteller to his decease. This narrative is one of Poe’s more popular plants since he creates a dark ambiance. adds suspense and a deep significance to these symbols. His symbolism transmits the subject of adult male struggles to last. The symbols make the storyteller face his chief job and stress what he feels while qualifying his emotions. The cavity is the most of import symbol in the narrative. The storyteller about faces decease by falling on the border of the cavity. re cognizing how close to decease he had been because the cavity had a deep surface. The cavity represents decease or falling into snake pit. It can be interpreted as decease because for the storyteller. it is something unknown. he didn’t know that the cavity was at that place. or how deep it was. The same happens with decease. cipher truly knows what happens after we die or where is it precisely where we go. In the narrative. the cavity is portrayed as this terrorization symbol that can besides be interpreted as snake pit. Since snake pit is the belief of a topographic point where people go after decease because they have sinned. the storyteller is considered to be guilty of a offense he did non commit. he doesn’t deserve to decease in the cavity. or harmonizing to the symbolism. combustion in snake pit. At the beginning of the narrative. the storyteller describes the â€Å"seven tall candles† that remind him of angels that subsequently turn into â€Å"meaningles s apparitions. with caputs of fire. † The significances that Thoreau wants to give to these tapers are a mark of hope. followed by letdown and despair. The fact that he imagined angels coming to his deliverance means that he was keeping on to his life. non giving up until those angels turned into Satan. and so his perceptual experience changed into thought that he was all entirely and abandoned. â€Å"And so my vision fell upon the seven autumn tapers upon the tabular array. At first they wore the facet of charity. and seemed white slender angels who would salvage me ; but so. all at one time. there came a most deathly sickness over my spirit. and I felt every fibre in my frame thrill as if I had touched the wire of a voltaic battery. while the angel signifiers became nonmeaningful apparitions. with caputs of fire. and I saw that from them there would be no aid. † We will write a custom essay sample on The Pit and the Pendulum Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Pit and the Pendulum Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Pit and the Pendulum Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The pendulum that is portrayed in the narrative is a symbol that represents clip. As the pendulum descends more and more. the storyteller realizes that is coming right to him. willing to take him to his intolerable decease. In the narrative. clip is a important component. since the storyteller has his seconds counted before confronting his decease. which fortunately. he escapes. â€Å"It was the painted figure of Time as he is normally represented. salvage that in stead of a scythe he held what at a insouciant glimpse I supposed to be the envisioned image of a immense pendulum. such as we see on old-timer redstem storksbills. † The pendulum is an instrument for anguish since it involves decease itself while numbering off the seconds until the terminal. The symbolism that the objects undertaking in the narrative emphasizes what Poe wanted to add or stand for the significance that is beyond what he wanted the storyteller in the narrative to portray. The symbols connect the story teller to what is really go oning in the narrative and do the reader understand better. In this instance. the symbols that were utilized are critical for the narrative. without them. the narrative would non hold the same significance and this happens with a batch of Edgar Allan Poe’s narratives and verse forms. it is an component that identifies them. Plants Citedâ€Å"Short Narratives: The Pit and the Pendulum by Edgar Allan Poe. † Short Narratives: The Pit and the Pendulum by Edgar Allan Poe. N. p. . n. d. Web. 6 Mar. 2014. Cover missive:I found the narrative really interesting I thought that the symbols were non difficult to construe. I decided to analyse the symbols because they are a really of import portion of the narrative. even though I did non analyse all of them. but I choose the three that I considered more relevant to the narrative My essay is concise and easy to read and understand. I included a batch of illustrations like direct quotation marks from the text that support my organic structure paragraphs. That was what I liked the most about my essay. the quotation marks that I included. because it gives you an thought of the point of position of the storyteller and how precisely he felt or what he thought. My debut is apprehensible and it gives you the thought of what the essay is traveling to be approximately. The organic structure paragraphs explain each of the symbols and I provided illustrations and analyzed them to do it more clear. My decision explains overall what the essay was approximately and it summarizes the debut.

4 Awful Situations You Might Find Yourself in if You Could Not Hire Online

4 Awful Situations You Might Find Yourself in if You Could Not Hire Online 4 Awful Situations You Might Find Yourself in if You Could Not Hire Online Hiring a writer online is something you reserve for times when your workload is overwhelming or the task is very challenging and you need the extra help. But imagine a world without the option to hire a custom essay writer online. 1. You Don’t Have Time to Do Other More Important Tasks With all you have on your plate there will be times when the work is simply too much. What if you have something important, like the wedding of a close family member, that you are forced to miss because you need to write a paper? What a disappointment that would be to you and your family. 2. You Have so Much Work You Have No Time for a Job How will you pay for expenses and necessities when you are constantly strapped for time due to the demands of school? The reason you are attending college is to have a career and find a job which improves your finances, but how will that workout if you can not afford to eat now because you can not work? 3. You Never Go out You are young, so are your friends. They find time to go out and enjoy life, but you are always stuck at home because of the demands of school. Life should not be all work and no play, which is no life at all. Hiring a custom essay writer online will free up some time for you to relax a little and enjoy life. 4. You Have Sleepless Nights and Suffer from the Insomniac Hangover You know what we are talking about. That feeling you have when you have been up all night, hunched over your desk typing or writing. Then you look up at the clock and suddenly the sun is out again and it is time to attend your first class. That groggy, sleepy, worn out feeling you have as you force yourself through the day, fighting to stay awake and do whatever it is you need to do. Life does not need to be this way. Give yourself permission to skip nights like this and hire a custom essay writer so you can sleep easy. A world without the option to hire online is a scary thought. While it is true that you should not hire a writer online for every task and assignment, the fact that they are available when you need them is a relief. They are there when you are rushed for time and can not edit nor proofread a long, lengthy paper. You know how to perform these tasks, so you are not missing out on experience when you hire online. It’s just that you simply don’t have the time unless you sacrifice other important events in your life. Give yourself some freedom and take care of your social and academic life at the same time and get a little help with that paper. You will be glad you did.

A Womans World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Womans World - Essay Example Sarah Moore Grimke sets the mood of her letter by talking about the set or "appropriate sphere" as she terms it, for women to lack intellectual inclinations and invite discussions about her character by not dressing, eating, socializing in a certain way or even reading novels that have been shunned by the press or people in general. This "appropriate sphere" has come to mean many things to many people where feminist policies and their formulation is concerned. Further, if she is to be believed, this period of time boasted of a distinct class consisting of a sizable amount of people, where owing to a certain amount of awareness and achievement of academic qualifications, women believe that arranged marriages are not the end all and be all. Also, this class of people held the belief that catering to the husband's every whim and fancy is not the only chore in life. While these ideals struck many as "absurd", in Grimke's own words, majority of the women were "trained" to carry out wifely duties and not bother about choosing a husband of their own liking. In this regard, it was made clear that a woman may never have a choice in anything in her life. Was this fair According to Grimke - not at all. In her letter, Grimke uses an underscore of sarcasm to show the absurdity of the situation where men enjoyed more freedom than women merely due physical strength and other attributes. Unfair as it was, this attitude shaped the belief that women are a machine that produces babies besides cooking and cleaning - a machine that does not and should not, require any kind of education or intellectual stimulation, let alone having a say in how her home must be run. This thought process was mainly an overthrow from the common notion that men are more superior. This was apparent in the fact that even if a woman did the heavy work that generally only a man does, she is not given the same pay or compensation as a man. In this way, there was always major discrimination regarding the areas of work that a woman could enter into - if at all she was allowed to embark on making a career for herself. Further, there was consensus to slavery especially among women, who have always been regarded among min orities. This led Grimke to end her letter by saying that rendering dignity alone will lead a woman to truly serve and respect her husband besides giving her a real objective and sense of duty in life. Therefore, in her letter, Grimke mirrored the trends of her time by going ahead of the same to show her concern for this plight. TOPIC 2: The Spiritual Role of Women (550 words - excluding title) No woman is complete unless she reaches into her soul to show the world her strength and to use this very ocean of strength to build a family and keep a happy home. In the Appeal to the Christian Women of the South - Heath Anthology of American Literature, Angelina Grimke starts her letter by taking a stance - one that revolves around genuine interest in the welfare of women belonging to the Christian sympathy, as she refers to it. Talking to the women from the same religious denomination as that of the Gospel fellowship, Angelina wishes to

Business Writing................ INFORMAL PROPOSAL Assignment

Business Writing................ INFORMAL PROPOSAL - Assignment Example The research is importance because it will provide students with a complete picture of the market and will enable them to choose an option which suits their requirements and ambitions. We are planning to assists the SCS in the provision of an insight into the future requirements of the trade and employers exceptions from the fresh the graduates in the major of Human Resource Recruiter. Our feasibility solution will not cause any additional workload on SCS office and will educate and assist students in selecting a major of the degree and future career. UNDERSTANDING THE CHALLENGES Career counseling and research is not a simple undertaking, it has become an art and a wrong decision at an early stage may spoil hard earned future possibilities or may at least cause delays in achieve the desired positions. Following are the few basic reasons which make major and career selection a difficult task; Unfamiliarity with Basic Research Techniques Career research is difficult task now a days and especially graduate students find it quite hard to establish a definite opinion about their future profession and its various prospects. In most of the cases internet is a major source of search but reaching your desired information and establishing its authenticity, accuracy and novelty is not always possible. Therefore, a misleading, incomplete and obsolete information may cause considerable lose of time and effort. Overwhelming Amount of Career Information Internet provide access to gigantic data repositories but tracing out the required information is tough ask from fresh graduates. More often than not you are unable to reach the exact information and even if you are able to find some authentic and accurate information source, it may present you only one aspect of big picture which may be misleading or may not help in decision making process. Lack of Standard to Filter Information Filtering authentic and accurate information from a huge data set is not possible without incorpor ating proper techniques. Often times there very thin distinctions are provided to establish an opinion on two apparently similar but quite different ideas, entrusting an expert to do the job for you is a better idea. Lack of Real Life Examples Books, internet and other source are good but they present an incomplete picture to make a final decision of crucial nature. Arranging a meeting with a trade man and experience person of the field is almost an indispensible requirement to reach conclusion. Student face difficulties in reaching to such experience people through their social networks and most of the time decides of the basis of theoretical information they have randomly researched. PROPOSED PLAN We have sketched out a plan to address these issues in order to provide major and career counseling at the MCCC Career Services Center: Phase I We have determined to provide answers to all of your questions with letting you lost in the heap of information. We aim to offer every piece of formation required to make an educated decision. These may include but not limited to appropriate personality types, required qualifications, market analysis, workplace environment and current salary ranges available for the job of Human Resource Recruiter. The first step towards this educated decision is establishing his personality type through Holland Personality test. The test can be

Compare and contrast the soldier and futility Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast the soldier and futility Essay The Soldier and Futility are two poems which discuss war. Both poems were written during the war by Englishmen. Wilfred Owen and Rupert Brooke died in different stages of the war as a result of it. Both poems discuss death and hate in several ways. The two say that there is a lot of hate in war but they each see death for your country from a different perspective. In Futility Wilfred Owen says that war is a terrible thing because there are so many casualties. He also says that the cause of war is usually petty and that people dying for their country is awful. As well as this he says that it is better to live than die doing your duty. Wilfred Owen has a different view towards war because he lived through most of it. He was killed during the final year of the war, in 1918. Rupert Brooke, on the other hand, didnt live through much of the war. He died in the early stages of it, in 1915. He was twenty-eight years old. In his opinion war is necessary and one had a duty to fight for King/Queen and country. Rupert Brooke also thinks that people should be proud to fight for their country as we see in the words Dulce et decorum est, which is Latin for wonderful thing to die for your country. These words are found in another of Wilfred Owens poems though but it is used sarcastically. It is as if Wilfred Owen is laughing at the people getting gassed and dying like in his other poem The Last Laugh. The poem Futility shows the negatives of war such as people dying doing their duty. These people didnt want to go and fight, they were persuaded by their friends and fellow women. The women thought that a man wasnt attractive or whole unless he wore a soldiers uniform. This made the men feel terrible and that they would never find a partner unless they sign up. They were also persuaded by the government. They would sack people so that they had no choice but to join. The government also put propaganda posters up with children asking their father What did you do during the great war? Many people gave into this; they paid the consequences by being killed. The Soldier speaks of the positive things about war such as dying with friends or doing what they were born to do. It also says that this is an idyllic world and that they should always take the chance to fight for their King/Queen and country when it is given. The poem is a very patriotic one as it repeats English and England many times. This shows Rupert Brookes love for his country. This poem also has no sense of animosity or resentment towards war. The Soldier says that each person is unimportant but in Futility it says that every person is important. The style and structure of each poem is very different. Even though both poems are fourteen lines long and they both use euphemisms there are many differences. The Soldier is a sonnet and concentrates on England whereas Futility is not a sonnet and has more symbolism. There are rhetorical questions used in Futility and it is written in the third person. The Soldier, however, is in the first person and hasnt got any rhetorical questions. It is also written in Iambic Pentameter and is a Petrarchan or an Italian sonnet. Both poems are rhythmic and have rhymes in them. The Soldier has rhyming every second line whereas Futility has half rhymes every other. For example snow from line five and know from line seven. Both Futility and The Soldier have religious connotations and mention the sun. The sun has an immense amount of significance in the poems because it is the complete opposite to what the poems discuss. The sun has life-giving powers whereas both poems talk about death. Only Futility has personifications. These include Think how it wakes the seeds. This shows us how the sun has life-giving powers. Another example is Gently its touch awoke him once which also talks about the sun. These two give the sun attributes which it hasnt got. The Soldier talks about himself and how he would always be English even if he was buried in a foreign country. This is shown by the lines If I should die think only this of me; that theres some corner of a foreign field, that is forever England. This also shows that he is thankful for being English and he would put his life on the line for his country.

Al Capone :: essays research papers

ALPHONSE CAPONE a.k.a. AL, SCARFACE Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1899, of an immigrant family. He lived with his father Gabriele and Mother Teresa and his brothers and sisters. Al did quite well in school until the sixth grade when his steady record of B's deteriorated rapidly. At fourteen, he lost his temper at the teacher, she hit him and he hit her back. He was expelled and never went to school again. About this time, his family moved from their house on Navy Street to 21 Garfield Place. This move would have a lasting impact on Al because in this new neighborhood he would meet the people who would have the most influence on his future: his wife Mae and the gangster Johnny Torrio. A few blocks away from the Capone house on Garfield Place was a small unobtrusive building that was the headquarters of one of the most successful gangsters on the East Coast. Johnny Torrio was a new breed of gangster, a pioneer in the development of a modern criminal enterprise. He was a role model fo r many boys in the community. Capone, like many other boys his age, earned pocket money by running errands for Johnny Torrio. Over time, Torrio came to trust the young Capone and gave him more to do. Meantime, young Al learned by observing the wealthy successful respected racketeer and the people in his organization. In 1909, Torrio moved to Chicago and young Al fell under other influences. At this point in his life, nobody would ever have believed that Al would go on to be the criminal czar that he ultimately became. For approximately six years he worked faithfully at exceptionally boring jobs, first at a munitions factory and then as a paper cutter. Eventually he met a guy named Frankie Yale. He opened up a bar called Harvard Inn. And he hired Al to be a bartender. Capone's job at the Harvard Inn was to be the bartender and bouncer and, when necessary, to wait on tables. In his first year, Capone became popular with his boss and the customers. Then his luck turned suddenly when he waited on the table of a young couple. The girl was beautiful and the young Capone was entranced. He leaned over her and said, "Honey, you have a nice ass and I mean that as a compliment." The man with her was her brother Frank Gallucio. Al Capone :: essays research papers ALPHONSE CAPONE a.k.a. AL, SCARFACE Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1899, of an immigrant family. He lived with his father Gabriele and Mother Teresa and his brothers and sisters. Al did quite well in school until the sixth grade when his steady record of B's deteriorated rapidly. At fourteen, he lost his temper at the teacher, she hit him and he hit her back. He was expelled and never went to school again. About this time, his family moved from their house on Navy Street to 21 Garfield Place. This move would have a lasting impact on Al because in this new neighborhood he would meet the people who would have the most influence on his future: his wife Mae and the gangster Johnny Torrio. A few blocks away from the Capone house on Garfield Place was a small unobtrusive building that was the headquarters of one of the most successful gangsters on the East Coast. Johnny Torrio was a new breed of gangster, a pioneer in the development of a modern criminal enterprise. He was a role model fo r many boys in the community. Capone, like many other boys his age, earned pocket money by running errands for Johnny Torrio. Over time, Torrio came to trust the young Capone and gave him more to do. Meantime, young Al learned by observing the wealthy successful respected racketeer and the people in his organization. In 1909, Torrio moved to Chicago and young Al fell under other influences. At this point in his life, nobody would ever have believed that Al would go on to be the criminal czar that he ultimately became. For approximately six years he worked faithfully at exceptionally boring jobs, first at a munitions factory and then as a paper cutter. Eventually he met a guy named Frankie Yale. He opened up a bar called Harvard Inn. And he hired Al to be a bartender. Capone's job at the Harvard Inn was to be the bartender and bouncer and, when necessary, to wait on tables. In his first year, Capone became popular with his boss and the customers. Then his luck turned suddenly when he waited on the table of a young couple. The girl was beautiful and the young Capone was entranced. He leaned over her and said, "Honey, you have a nice ass and I mean that as a compliment." The man with her was her brother Frank Gallucio.

Automotive Industry

Auto is a large industry which mainly engaged in manufacture, design, development, sales and marketing of vehicles. Globally, it is one of the most crucial economic sector. According to the researchers, there are 806 million vehicles includes cars on the road in 2007, which consumes 980 billion litres of petrol and diesel yearly, (Wikipedia. 2018). Therefore, automobile is a major mode of transportation for many country economies. In this industry, safety is crucial means the user or manufacturer do not meet any risk from motor vehicle or its parts. Thus, automobile have to follow with the rules and regulations. The standard ISO 26262 is the most proper practice framework to reach automotive functional safety, (Wikipedia. 2018). However, in safety issues, the product may flaw or fault during manufacturing, hence the manufacturer can ask to return the vehicle. This is called as ‘product recall'. Product and operation inspections have many levels to avoid the products recalls by ensure security, (Wikipedia. 2018). Despite, the automotive industry really concern about recalls, which cause financial problems. Volkswagen Volkswagen is a German auto manufacturer which founded by German Labour Front under Adolf Hitler in May 28, 1937, (Wikipedia. 2018). Its head office located in Wolfsburg, German, (Volkswagen. 2018). Volkswagen is one of the leading automotive manufacturer and biggest producer in Europe, (Volkswagen. 2018). As well as, it is biggest sales marque of Volkswagen Group which is the largest automaker in worldwide, (Volkswagen. 2018). It is in charge of many brands includes Volkswagen, Audi, Lamborghini, SEAT, Scania, Ducati, MAN, Bentley, Bugatti and Skoda, (Volkswagen. 2018).As great achievements, Volkswagen performed sales record of 6.29 million vehicle in 2010 with market share at 11.4 percent, (Wikipedia. 2018). Volkswagen also is the third biggest automaker in year 2010 and second greatest manufacturer in the world in the year 2012, (Wikipedia. 2018). In addition, Volkswagen has manufacture facilities in many countries includes United States, Russia, Mexico, China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Argentina, Brazil, Portugal, Poland, Spain, Bosnia, Kenya and South Africa, (Wikipedia. 2018). Volkswagen is one of the successful company that listed by Forbes Global 2000 in 2011, (Wikipedia. 2018). Therefore, Volkswagen has goal of become world's greatest auto manufacturer by 2018, but its emission scandal issue caused the organization to drop of market capitalization, (Volkswagen. 2018). Volkswagen Emissions Violation The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) which a non-profitable council tried to provide independent research to environmental regulation agencies, (Zhou, A. 2016). Therefore, it selected West Virginia University to conduct the emission tests. Volkswagen encouraged it diesel cars as an environmental friendly and fuel efficient vehicles, which earned some high revenue. However, one of the professor named Arvind Thiruvengadam noted that Volkswagen has some fraud on diesel emissions, (Zhou, A. 2016). As continuous research, the ICCT suspected that Volkswagen has fixed fault device, (Zhou, A. 2016). Generally, computer on test accept the changes in how the emissions control system and vehicle can choose only few. But, Volkswagen's device can do more. Therefore, the ICCT summarized and submitted all the gathered information to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). On September 2015, the EPA issued a notice of Clean Air Act to Volkswagen Group, (Wikipedia. 2018). The Volkswagen had violated the Clean Air Act by illegally installed software into diesel cars to cheat emission tests, (Zhou, A. 2016). However, this test to control the nitrogen oxide level, but it released up to 40 times more nitrogen oxide when driving, (Zhou, A. 2016). Moreover, Volkswagen also admitted that had been applied this software in 11 million cars worldwide, (Zhou, A. 2016). Later, EPA also found modified software fitted into Porsche, Audi and some Volkswagen models, (Zhou, A. 2016).Responses In order to compensate, Volkswagen commanded voluntary recall, make public apology and the CEO with other directors of the organization resigned, (Zhou, A. 2016). The Volkswagen Group is also facing lawsuits and criminal charges and hence future of the organization is hopeless, (Wikipedia. 2018). As a step towards to solve, Volkswagen former CEO Martin Winterkorn released a video apology when the company under fire. In his statement, â€Å"I apologize sincerely to our customer, regulatory agencies and the public for misbehaviour†, said by Winterkorn in German, (Groden, C. 2015). More than that, Volkswagen current CEO Matthias Muller also has apologized for emission test cheating, (France, A. 2016). Beside public apologies, Volkswagen promised to reserve 6.5 billion euros to use make cars follow with pollution standards, (Zhou, A. 2016). Although, its looks big amount, but it is only the half year of company profit. Furthermore, Volkswagen meet 3.3 billion euro lawsuit and experience some criminal cases, (Zhou, A. 2016). In the United States, the company encountered fine up to $30,000 per car, (Zhou, A. 2016). In addition, the share price of Volkswagen fell over 20 percent, (Kollewe, J. 2016). Moreover, Volkswagen officially announced ‘vehicle recall' which recalls the 83,000 three litre diesel vehicles with model year between 2009 and 2015, (Berkeley, L and Christine, W. 2016). Volkswagen also spend $225 million to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, (Berkeley, L and Christine, W. 2016). The company also give $25 million to California Air Resources Board to support the free emission vehicles, (Berkeley, L and Christine, W. 2016). Apart from that, Volkswagen Group CEO Martin Winterkorn resigned and head of brand development Heinz-Jakob Neusser, Porsche research and development director, Wolfgang Hatz, and Audi research and development director, Ulrich Hackenberg were suspended, (Wikipedia. 2018). Further, the Volkswagen headquarter and other branches were raided for further investigation, (Zhou, A. 2016).It Is Effective Although Volkswagen responded with public apology, lawsuit and voluntary recall on its emission violation, it is not much effective ways to overcome from the reputation risk. The Volkswagen still not regain the consumer trust. The organization should use the business continuity plan to recover the business with higher profit. Alternative Solution Volkswagen Group is still facing many problems of establishing credibility to their customers. Hence, I suggest business continuity plan (BCP) that can apply into the Volkswagen business. The BCP is a plan to help that business process can continue during the disaster. In this case, Volkswagen emission scandal is man-made disaster whereby the business is not able to continue in normal conditions. The 5 Business Continuity Planning PhasesProject management and initiationVolkswagen need to identify the risks behind the issue of emission scandal. Therefore, the primary risk of this company is image risk as known as reputation risk. Reputation risk can loss result from damages to the company's reputation. Thus, this risk affected the Volkswagen company's revenue which is went drop, increased operating expenses including compensation and fines and also kills corporate trust of consumers and stakeholders. Next, legal risk is also one of the main risk which also need to consider. Volkswagen need to face legal risk includes fine and criminal charges to cheat the government. Moreover, the Volkswagen also need to establish new management team. Management team includes IT coordinator, business continuity coordinator (BCC), crisis manager. IT coordinator to provide advice on best programming and provide technical support for system. In this case, the IT experts of Volkswagen installed defeat device. They cheated on programming writing code. Next, Volkswagen can hire business continuity coordinator who develop and maintain the business continuity plans. They also responsible for the critical situation which identify the risk, and provide solution to minimize the risks. Volkswagen also can hire crisis manager who responsible for disaster recovery and responsible for communication with insurance agent. Business Impact AnalysisAs an impact of reputation risk, Volkswagen loss trust credibility among the customers and shareholders. More than that, Volkswagen became the target of regulatory investigations in many countries. In fact, one of the German newspaper labelled this issue as â€Å"most expensive act of stupidity in the history of the car industry†, (Zhou, A. 2016). After this news, immediately Volkswagen's stock price fell, (Zhou, A. 2016).The Volkswagen also affected on legal risk which facing some lawsuits and fines, (Edwards, J. 2016). The United States Justice Department has sued Volkswagen with $48 billons under environmental laws, (Edwards, J. 2016). It also give $14.7 billion as penalties to the Clean Air Act violation, (Zhou, A. 2016). However, the total loss of Volkswagen Group based on this emission scandal issue is almost $90 billion which is consider the deep loss in Volkswagen history, (Edwards, J. 2016). Beside financial loss, it also polluted the environment. The scandal tragedy released extensive amounts of nitrogen oxide. It is polluted the environment. Moreover, nitrogen oxide cause smog, greenhouse effect, acid rain and tropospheric ozone which associated with health effect such as respiratory problem includes lungs irritation, wheezing, asthma, emphysema. Nitrogen oxide also cause damaging vegetation which reduce growth of plants.Recovery strategiesThe Volkswagen Group primarily affected by reputation (image) risk. It damaged its image and facing problems of establishing credibility to customers and stakeholders. Thus, to recover from this issue, have some recovery solutions such as Volkswagen can restart the business in new name, partnership with independent agency and issue the bond, (Zhou, A. 2016). Volkswagen should use these solutions to restore credibility to its company.Re-brandingAs known as, Volkswagen is a worldwide brand and it is the largest car company in the world. Hence, the scandal issue is not forgotten easily, unless restart the business with new name. Re-branding may improve the brand image and it make easier for the business to speed up efficient program, (Zhou, A. 2016). However, re-branding is an expensive and have high risk, but it will reduce bad publicity of the organization, (Zhou, A. 2016). If Volkswagen ready to rebrand its business, it should develop company with greener environment and corporate social responsible (CSR), (Zhou, A. 2016). The company reputation will increase when it give more importance for environmental friendly and sustainability. Thus, the re-branding company should collaborate with Federal Trade Commission which give importance to sustainability work, (Zhou, A. 2016). More than that, the re-branding company should concentrate on minimizing energy consumption, saving water, minimizing carbon emission and reducing waste. Further, the re-branding company can engage with communities or NGOs to show the public that they have care about society, (Zhou, A. 2016). However, these are helpful to use social marketing as a recovery strategy that increase the company's image. Partnership with Independent Verification AgencyEven though Volkswagen have its own audit team to inspect their vehicles emissions, the organization should partnership with the external independent agency to regain the customer's trust. Thus, there are some independent verification agency includes Fair Labour Association (FLA), World Business Council for sustainable Development (WCSBD), Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), (Zhou, A. 2016). As more information of these independent agencies, FLA has own Code of Conduct and sustainable compliance methodology, (Zhou, A. 2016). The WCSBD is a global network which handle recent sustainable development issues, (Zhou, A. 2016). LMOP is a voluntary program which focus to reduce the methane emissions from land by using renewable energy, (Zhou, A. 2016). Finally, FTC that mainly focus on customer protection, (Zhou, A. 2016).However, if Volkswagen partnership with any independent verification agency, then not only can rebuild the consumer trust, but also can get rewards and recognition from NGOs based on CSR practices. More, if Volkswagen partnership with prestigious global organization will give stronger credibility. Issue a bondAnother recovery method to achieve again the customer trust is Volkswagen should issue bond. This is because bond is benchmark of credibility. Also Volkswagen can announced that if again the cheating is happen, they will pay a bond to the European Commissions, (Zhou, A. 2016). This will motivate the regulators to be strict in audit. Hence, the amount can use for develop environment good vehicle, decarbonisation of engine and information technology infrastructure. Volkswagen should issue high price bond, thus customer will know that the company regret on emission scandal issue. This is because Volkswagen Company have many assets. In order to invest this bond, Volkswagen should sell its assets or any branch. For example, oil price in increasing rapidly, thus Volkswagen should sell its companies to make environmental good vehicles such as electric vehicle. If Volkswagen can capitalized, then it became the great company in automotive industry.Information technology infrastructureVolkswagen should use advance information technology. Therefore, it made advancement in infrastructure of vehicles includes emission control system, safety features and audio system. After this scandal issue, people do not buy Volkswagen car, thus using technology in emissions control system will attract customers. Volkswagen may use technologies to control nitrogen oxide includes selective catalytic reduction (SCR), Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), Lean NOx traps (LNTs) and Lean NOx catalysts (LNCs), (MECA. 2007). The SCR is a reducing agent which able to reduce nitrogen oxide from 75 to 90 percent, (MECA. 2007). EGR technology reduce lowest engine emission which can reduce 50 percent of nitrogen oxide emissions, (MECA. 2007). Moreover, LNTs is more efficient technology which able to minimize up to 80 percent meanwhile LNCs is only able to reduce 10 to 40 percent of nitrogen oxide from emission which using hydrocarbon in exhaust, (MECA. 2007). Plan design and developmentAfter recovery strategies, Volkswagen should plan to publish the recovery plans. For example, Volkswagen interacting with external groups includes customers, and media. It can use social media and advertise the new plan through Facebook, YouTube and watt sap. Makes everyone knows about the new plans of Volkswagen. Therefore, people may forgot the previous scandal issue and this will improve the Volkswagen's image as well.Testing, maintenance, awareness and trainingHowever, measure the success by testing. Volkswagen can test the plans which execute by the company. This will also improve the plans. There are several kind of tests includes checklist test, walk through and recovery simulation test. Let say, if the company found any problem while testing they can do maintenance. Meaning can modify the technical problems and for more efficient can do internal and external audit. This will identify the mistaken of the process. Meanwhile, it is also important to Volkswagen to having business continuity plan training and awareness. This will increase the value of the company and reduce costs by managing risk. For example, Volkswagen should provide training and awareness campaign to all level of employees who working in the company. Hence, this will improve the business continuity knowledge and skills among the staffs.Recommendation In order to overcome the reputation risk, first Volkswagen should focus on contract design of agent that make penalty or rewards. For example, European Commission or Environmental Protection Agency are non-profitable agencies, (Zhou, A. 2016). Therefore, Volkswagen should have up to date information detailed outlines. Next, screening and selection mechanisms to minimize the irregular information, (Jesus, N.D. 2015). For evidence, if the Volkswagen hired trust employees then this emissions scandal may not happened. Furthermore, Volkswagen should manipulated by agents, (Jesus, N.D. 2015). The agent can carry out random audits to monitor the company.In other hand, Volkswagen should comply environmental regulations, (Jesus, N.D. 2015). This will increase company's reputation. Meanwhile, Volkswagen's managers and employees are responsible for law and order to get corporate governance outcome. If the corporate governance standard is high, then company such as Volkswagen do not able to fraud in future. Automotive Industry The auto industry has been the core of the American nation, its living an American dream. I will focus of the car manufacturing industry in this article. We have always been very proud of the cars we made.Our cars were an extension of America; they were big, beautiful and made a statement. The reason I chose to write about the auto industry is that I have always felt that the auto industry is like the heartbeat of the American industry, what better way to talk about the impact of macro economic changes on this industry.I will talk about some of the basics of the industry and how it has changed in the last few decades and how we are placed now. I will compare the American companies against the other companies and analyze how the changes in the macro economic environment are affecting companies from America and the companies from other parts of the world.History of the industryCarol Loomis in The tragedy of General Motors mentions that the auto industry in America is just over a hundre d years old; Ford completed its 100 years a few quarters back and the rest are getting there. We have always been known for our big 3. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler. Chrysler is now of course Daimler Chrysler and the other 2 can always use tie ups with other companies to take themselves forward.The major change in the last few years has been the rise of oil prices. We always loved our Hummers and the big SUV’s, they seemed to be the right choice for every user but off the last few years that choice has suddenly become a very expensive passion, it has become like playing golf, you spend a decent amount of money every time you play golf and you end up spending a decent amount of money every time you run your SUV.That is the why nowadays, the success is in smaller or mid sized cars and smaller SUV’s. the average fuel prices are across America are expected to be at $2.71 per gallon and its getting very expensive compared to the good days when we could get gas for less than a dollar a gallon.This change in gas prices has affected the kind of choices consumers are making. The consumers were choosing the small and easy to drive Japanese cars for a long while but the lucrative SUV market was still a place where GM and Ford used to make lots of money, but now that markets has gradually and now rapidly dwindled. Let us see how the major manufacturers are doing in the industry.